citical literacy

In Reading 4.1, it is about the article that told about ‘Body language that speaks to muggers’. In the article, the writer states that the muggers are looking for victims for mugging is from the way they walking. Pedestrians are advised to change their ways of walk to avoid from being a victim for mugging.

In Reading 4.3, it is about WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE. The evidence means information that gives a strong reason for behaving or proves. Evidence is purpose to give answer to questions, describing an event at which one was presented. It is divided to two which testimonial evidence and circumstantial evidence.

· Testimonial evidence - comes form eyewitness
- ask the same as over and again
- could be in verbal or in verbal in statement

· Circumstantial evidence – not coming from the person, it can be seen at
the crime scene.


-ALL THINGS NEED EVIDENCE-


The topic in Reading 4.4 is STATISTIC. It has two meanings.
· Plural – refers to information about any phenomenon or activity expressed
in numerical form.
e.g- vital statistics
· Singular – denotes the art and science of collecting, presenting, analyzing
and interpreting numerical data.

The importance of statistics in human affairs is obvious from our tendency to associate ‘facts’ closely with ‘figures’. Figures that are systematically collected and properly analyzed can be used as the basis for rational decisions and conclusion. Businessmen also depend on statistics in their prediction of sales and costs. The way to guard oneself against being misled by misused statistics is not to shun or mistrust all figures but to become conscious of how statistical procedures may be incorrectly used.

4 Types of Statistical Slips

Unqualified averages
Arithmetic mean – the sum of all values divided by the number of values included.
Median – the middle value in an array of values that range from the highest to the lowest.
Mode – the most frequently occurring value in a group of values.

Fallacious sampling – the sample that is wrong because based on wrong information.
Percentages unaccompanied by actual numbers – percentage without specific figure.
Misleading presentation – using statistic to manipulate impression.


“STATISTICS CAN BE USED TO PROVE ANYTHING”

In Reading 4.5, it is about Crooked and Fallacious Thinking.

Ø Fallacious – if an idea/ something/ argument is fallacious, it’s wrong because based on a fallacy.
Ø Fallacy – an idea which people believe to be TRUE but it is in fact FALSE (based on incorrect info)
Purpose of crooked and fallacious thinking- to influence listener/ readers.

Transfer devise – to change something that people accepted to something that
dislike or conversely.
Circular argument – impression used to describe something as meaningful and
logical but not proven.
- fallacy maybe hard to detect.
False analogy – used to support an argument in fact proved anything.
- superficial or chance similarity giving impression that thing are
always alike.
Either-or assumption – wrong assumption made by other people to influence or
make people believe.
Equivocation – caused by the words used (has more than possible meaning)
- can not be properly answered unless the key terms of the questions are properly defined.

critical........

From Reading 3.1, the article about “Please let me go to your school”, it is told about a girl, Scarlet Finney with disabilities which was not accepted to go to the school. The positioning of Scarlet Finney in the article is in sad, confusing and try to persuade the school to accept her. She was competent to give evidence in her discrimination case against The Hills Grammar School.
From 3.3, it is about a linguistic perspective. Linguistic language is a scientific study of language.

GLOSSARY
field- scope
Tenor- general meaning or reader interpersonal
Mode- a way in which something occurs or is done
Genre- category of literature
Ideology- a system of ideas and principles forming the basis of theory

Role:
Ø Through language, reader can explore the text more clear and detail
Ø Using technology of language
Ø Analyzing text or easy to detect the critical literate
Ø Explaining language using the same language
Ø Illustrate the application of text through outline and produce a critical reading







From Reading 3.4, ‘Speech and speakers’. It is tell about the formation of individuals in discourse and genre. Discourse present modes of talking about the world from the point of view of a social institution. Sexist discourse is about the socialization of the natural category of sex as gender. Sexist means a person who treats other people especially women, unfairly because of their sex or who makes offensive.


GLOSSARY
Genre- type or category
Stereotype- a fixed pattern of behavior thinking
Reading position- how the writer wanted the readers to view the text and to take stance
Discourse- ways of speaking or writing, a particular perspective or stance
Ideal reader- a person we can imagine who would be most likely to agree with, or be persuaded by, the view of the world promoted by a text.

unit 2

In this unit, we are studying the 10 elements based on an article titled Battling the Bullies. The article focuses on the seriousness bullying issues that happened in schools at Australia. It is covers about the bullying case which had happened to the Mary Watson’s son, 6 years old at school. He was begun to wake up at midnight, crying and complaining of his pains. He is also in weird behavior and he is avoiding going to the school every morning. When Ms. Watson saw her son’s behavior, she is spying her son in school and then she knows her son is being bullied. Later, she sees the principle and a series meeting were held then. But it was not working. From the article, parents need to discover how a school deals with bullying problem before enrolling a child. The article is from a daily newspaper in education section, dated Tuesday, 8 April 2003 by Martina Simos as a writer. It is written for parents, teachers and counselors to inform, educate and persuade them in how to handle of this kind of issues. The stance taken from the article is negative because regarding to Ms. Watson’s son case, the meeting did not resolve the bullying issue when the victim and bully are together in one room. The readers are likely to be aware and concern about the seriousness of bullying. The visual aspects are significant because the readers can relate the headline with picture and predict what will article about.

In Background Reading 2.2, it is discussed about ‘Language, Perspective and Ideology’. I also learned active and direct, passive and indirect sentences. I actually not really understand with the topic but from the glossary, I can catch it up more.

1. Ideology – the belief system and outlook of a particular group of people.
2. Perspective – the stance from which something is viewed.
3. Metaphor – a word or phrase used to describe somebody or something
Eg: beautiful like a flower
4. Metanomy – the act of referring to something by the name of something
else.
5. Euphemism – more pleasant.
Eg: passed away = died
6. Equivocation – speaking ambiguously
7. Attenuate – to make something weaker and less effective.

In Background Reading 2.3, the topic is ‘Text and Textualities’. Text is a combination of signs. By analysing the choices and patterns in a text like from the Dunhill advertisement, we can uncover possible meanings of each of the chosen signs on the cigarette’s box.

Glossary:
1. Signifier – the form of a linguistic sign (nonverbal)
2. Signified – the meaning express by a linguistic signs.(pinaform)
3. Paradigmatic – the typical example or pattern of something.
4. Syntagmatic – relating to the choice or pattern of sentence structures.
5. Semiotic – the study of signs and includes the study of words and image.
6. Connotation – a meaning or connection which is implied for a person or group of people.
7. Denotation – the part of the meaning of a word or expression which refers to something in a real of possible world.
8. Myth – a belief that is commonly accepted by a culture without the need for proof and close examination.



tq...........